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Traduzido de Sodium Hypochlorite - Medical Countermeasures Database ↗ (CHEMM, HHS/ASPR — domínio público), fonte capturada em 2026-08-25. Em caso de dúvida, vale o original.

Sodium Hypochlorite (hipoclorito de sódio) — banco de contramedidas médicas

• Name of Chemical Defense therapeutic agent/deviceno original (inglês)
• Chemical Defense therapeutic areano original (inglês)
• Evidence-based medicine for Chemical Defenseno original (inglês)
• Pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetics datano original (inglês)
• Indication/dosingno original (inglês)
• Formulation/shelf lifeno original (inglês)
• Off-label use & dosingno original (inglês)
• Route of administrating/monitoringno original (inglês)
• Adverse effectsno original (inglês)
• Contraindicationsno original (inglês)
• Clinical studies in progressno original (inglês)
• Non-clinical studies in progressno original (inglês)
• Needed studies for Chemical Defenseno original (inglês)
• Needed studies for non-Chemical Defenseno original (inglês)
• Study-related ethical concernsno original (inglês)
• Global regulatory statusno original (inglês)
• Other potentially useful informationno original (inglês)
• Publicationsno original (inglês)
• Web sitesno original (inglês)

1. Nome do agente terapêutico/dispositivo de defesa química

Sodium hypochloritedose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗

2. Área(s) terapêutica(s) de defesa química

Descontaminação de mostarda sulfurada e de agentes nervosos como soman, tabun, sarin, cyclosarin e VX.

3. Medicina baseada em evidência para defesa química

A. Resumo

Estrutura

HSDB. Sodium Hypochloritedose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

Mecanismo de ação

• A aplicação de solução fresca de sodium hypochlorite a 0.5% inativa os agentes G (tabun, sarin, soman e cyclosarin) e o VX por hidrólise química, e inativa o VX por cloração oxidativa.dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗

Niven AS, Roop SA; Inhalational exposure to nerve agents. Respiratory Care Clinics of North America, 2004 Mar;10(1):59-74. [PubMed Citation]no original (inglês)

• Um modo típico de descontaminação da HD por oxidantes hipoclorito é a oxidação do heteroátomo rico em elétrons, às vezes seguida de rearranjo para formar espécies químicas menos tóxicas. Sabe-se que ocorre cloração nuclear em fenóis e outros compostos aromáticos expostos a hipoclorito ou a outros oxidantes à base de cloro.

Salter WB, Owens JR, Wander JD. Methyl salicylate: a reactive chemical warfare agent surrogate to detect reaction with hypochlorite. Applied Materials and Interfaces, 2011;3:4262-67. [PubMed Citation]no original (inglês)

• Reação de saponificação: o sodium hypochlorite atua como solvente orgânico e de gorduras, degradando os ácidos graxos e transformando-os em sais de ácidos graxos (sabão) e glicerol (álcool), o que reduz a tensão superficial da solução restante.dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗
• Reação de neutralização: o sodium hypochlorite neutraliza aminoácidos formando água e sal.dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗
• Reação de cloraminação: com a saída dos íons hidroxila, há redução do pH. O ácido hipocloroso, substância presente na solução de sodium hypochlorite, ao contato com o tecido orgânico atua como solvente e libera cloro que, combinado ao grupo amino das proteínas, forma cloraminas. O ácido hipocloroso (HOCl-) e os íons hipoclorito (OCl-) levam à degradação e à hidrólise dos aminoácidos.dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗

Estrela C, Estrela CR, Barbin EL, Spano JC, Marchesan MA, Pecora JD. Mechanism of action of sodium hypochlorite . Brazilian Dental Journal, 2002;13(2):113-7. [PubMed Citation]dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

• Methyl salicylate (MeS) has a rich history as an inert physical simulant for the chemical warfare agents sulfur mustard and soman, where it is used extensively for liquid- and vapor-permeation testing. Here the authors demonstrate possible utility of MeS as a reactivity simulant for chlorine-based decontaminants. In these experiments MeS was reacted with sodium hypochlorite varying stoichiometry, temperature, reaction time, and pH. No colored oxidation products were observed; however, chlorination of the aromatic ring occurred ortho (methyl 3-chlorosalicylate) and para (methyl 5-chlorosalicylate) to the position bearing the -OH group in both the mono- and disubstituted forms. The monosubstituted para product accumulated initially, and the ortho and 3,5-dichloro products formed over the next several hours. Yields from reactions conducted below pH 11 declined rapidly with decreasing pH. Reactions run at 40 0 C produced predominantly para substitution, while those run at 0 0 C produced lower yields of ortho- and parasubstituted products. Reactions were also carried out on textile substrates of cotton, 50/50 nylon-cotton, and a meta aramid. The textile data broadly reproduced reaction times and stoichiometry observed in the liquid phase, but are complicated by physical and possibly chemical interactions with the fabric. These data indicate that, for hypochlorite-containing neutralizing agents operating at strongly alkaline pH, one can expect MeS to react stoichiometrically with the hypochlorite it encounters. This suggests utility of MeS in lieu of such highly hazardous surrogates as monochloroalkyl sulfides as a simulant for threat scenarios involving the stoichiometric decomposition of sulfur mustard. Specifically, the extent of coverage of the simulant on a fabric by the neutralizing agent can be directly measured. Similar reactivity toward other halogen oxidizing agents is likely but remains to be demonstrated.dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

Salter WB, Owens JR, and Wander JD. Methyl salicylate: a reactive chemical warfare agent surrogate to detect reaction with hypochlorite. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2011 Nov; 3(11):4262-7. [PubMed Citation]no original (inglês)

Resumo dos estudos clínicos e não clínicos

Sodium hypochlorite, commonly known as bleach, is a chemical used in applications ranging from household cleaning to the decontamination of chemical warfare agents (CWAs). As a decontaminant agent, sodium hypochlorite has been used and tested specifically to neutralize or remove traces of blister or nerve agents on skin, military equipment, or in soils near weapons storage and destruction facilities. In a skin decontamination study, guinea pigs were challenged with soman and then left untreated or topically treated with 0.5% bleach (sodium or calcium hypochlorite), Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion, the M291 Skin Decontamination Kit, Skin Exposure Reduction Paste Against Chemical Warfare Agents, or 1% soapy water 2 minutes later (Braue et al . , 2011). After a 24-hour observation period, protective ratios ([PRs]; median lethal dose [LD 50 ] of the treatment group/LD 50 of the untreated group) were calculated to determine efficacy. PRs for 0.5% bleach, soapy water, and control were 2.6, 2.2, and 1.0, respectively; the respective LD 50 values were 29 mg/kg, 24 mg/kg, and 11 mg/kg. Bleach and soapy water offered only modest (2<PR<5) protection against soman and were not statistically different from each other. Another skin decontamination study found that 0.5% and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite induced dermotoxicity in sulfur mustard-exposed guinea pigs (20 mg/kg, 2-minute intra-wound exposure), and bleeding from the wound site immediately after decontamination with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite in 50% of the animals (Gold et al., 1994). In animals that were not exposed to sulfur mustard, sodium hypochlorite, which has highly alkaline properties that can potentially damage cells by chemical or physicochemical disruption, induced lesions that were more severe than those flushed with water or not decontaminated. Therefore sodium hypochlorite may induce skin injury leading to undesired complications when it is used for wound decontamination.dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

Sodium hypochlorite was effective in removing CWAs from soils (Amos et al., 1994). After soils of varying textures (loamy sand to sandy clay loam) were spiked with 5 mg/g or 20 mg/g of sulfur mustard or soman and treated with 1% sodium hypochlorite, total residual sulfur mustard and soman were consistently less than 3% and 4.6%, respectively. In contrast, treatment of the contaminated soils with a single wash of plain water resulted in total residual sulfur mustard and soman ranging from 8% to 26%. Sodium hypochlorite was more effective than sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide in cleaning mustard-contaminated soil. The efficacy of four decontamination formulations or CWA removal from typical indoor surfaces was evaluated through bench-scale testing (Love et al., 2011). Sodium hypochlorite (0.5%) with trisodium phosphate was not effective in CWA decontamination of nonporous and nonpermeable surfaces (glass and stainless steel) compared to other decontamination technologies. Aqueous-based sodium hypochlorite was not as effective as solvent-based formulations in CWA decontamination of permeable polymers (latex-painted wallboard and vinyl floor tile). However, sodium hypochlorite outperformed solvent-based decontamination technologies in penetrating polar surfaces (concrete). These findings suggest that sodium hypochlorite is an effective CWA decontaminant in selective settings, but because of varying effectiveness, a range of technologies may be required for CWA decontamination.dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

B. Link para os estudos clínicos

Estudos com múltiplas populações

• Since 1993, the New York State Department of Health, funded by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, has collected data about non-petroleum hazardous substances releases through the Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (NYHSEES) project. This study investigates risk factors for hazardous substances releases that may result in public health consequences such as injury or reported health effects. The 6428 qualifying events that occurred during the 10-year-period of 1993-2002 involved 8838 hazardous substances, 842 evacuations, more than 75,419 people evacuated, and more than 3120 people decontaminated. These events occurred both at fixed facilities (79%) and during transport (21%). The causative factors most frequently contributing to reported events were equipment failure (39%) and human error (33%). Five of the 10 chemicals most frequently associated with injuries were also among the 10 chemicals most frequently involved in reported events: sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, ammonia, sodium hypochlorite, and carbon monoxide... (Class IV)dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

Welles WL, Wilburn RE, Ehrlich JK, Floridia CM. New York hazardous substances emergency events surveillance: learning from hazardous substances releases to improve safety. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2004 Nov;115(1-3):39-49. [PubMed Citation]no original (inglês)

C. Link para os estudos não clínicos (por exemplo, em animais)

Estudos em animais adultos

• Objective: This report, the second in a series of five, directly compares the efficacy of Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion (RSDL), the M291 Skin Decontamination Kit (SDK), 0.5% bleach (sodium or calcium hypochlorite solution), 1% soapy water, and Skin Exposure Reduction Paste Against Chemical Warfare Agents (SERPACWA) in the haired guinea pig model following exposure to soman (GD). Methods: In all experiments, guinea pigs were close-clipped and given anesthesia. In the decontamination experiments, the animals were challenged with GD and decontaminated after a 2-minute delay for the standard procedure or at longer times for the delayed-decontamination experiments. Positive control animals were challenged with GD in the same manner as the treated animals, except that they received no treatment. All animals were observed during the first 4 hours and again at 24 hours after exposure for signs of toxicity and death. The protective ratio (PR, defined as the median lethal dose (LD50) of the treatment group divided by the LD50 of the untreated positive control animals) was calculated from the derived probit dose-response curves established for each treatment group and nontreated control animals. SERPACWA was applied as a thin coating (0.1 mm thick), allowed to dry for 15 minutes, and challenged with GD. After a 2-hour challenge, any remaining GD was blotted off the animal, but no additional decontamination was done. Significance in this report is defined as p < 0.05. Neat (undiluted) GD was used to challenge all animals in these studies. Results: In the standard 2-minute GD decontamination experiments, the calculated PRs for RSDL, 0.5% bleach, 1% soapy water, and M291 SDK were 14, 2.7, 2.2, and 2.6, respectively. RSDL was by far the most effective decontamination product tested and significantly better than any of the other products. Bleach, soapy water, and the M291 SDK provided equivalent and modest protection. Since only RSDL provided at least good protection (PR > 5), it was the only decontamination product evaluated for delayed decontamination. In the GD delayed decontamination experiments, the calculated LT50 (the delayed-decontamination time at which 50% of the animals die in the test population following a 5-LD50 challenge) value for RSDL was only 4.0 minutes. Conclusions: Several conclusions can be drawn from this study: 1) Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion provided superior protection against GD compared with the other products tested; 2) The 0.5% bleach solution, the 1% soapy water solution, and the M291 SDK were less effective than RSDL, but still provided modest (2 < PR < 5) protection against GD; 3) Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion, the best product tested, did not provide significant protection against GD when decontamination was delayed for more than 3 minutes; 4) Skin Exposure Reduction Paste Against Chemical Warfare Agents provided significant, but modest, protection against GD; 5) There was good correlation between using the rabbit model and the guinea pig model for decontamination efficacy evaluations; and 6) Soman (GD) is an agent of real concern because it is very difficult to decontaminate and the effects ofexposure are difficult to treat.dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

Braue EH Jr, Smith KH, Doxzon BF, Lumpkin HL, Clarkson ED. Efficacy studies of Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion, M291 Skin Decontamination Kit, 0.5% bleach, 1% soapy water, and Skin Exposure Reduction Paste Against Chemical Warfare Agents, part 2: guinea pigs challenged with soman. Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2011 Mar; 30(1): 29-37. [Pub Med Citation]dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

• Hypochlorite solutions are thought to be efficacious when used to topically decontaminate intact skin. However, few studies have examined the efficacy of decontamination of chemically contaminated wounds. Therefore, we the authors compared the decontamination efficacy of sodium hypochlorite (0.5% and 2.5% solutions), calcium hypochlorite (0.5% and 2.5% solutions) and sterile water to untreated controls in wounds exposed to sulfur mustard (HD) . Anesthetized euthymic hairless guinea pigs (EHGP) (n=6) were exposed to 20 mg/kg (approximately 0.4 LDs,) HD in a full-thickness 8 mm surgical biopsy skin defect (i.e., wound). Each animal was subsequently decontaminated, after a two-minute intra-wound exposure to liquid HD, with nothing or one of the decontamination solutions. Decontamination efficacy was determined by the visual grading of the HD-traumatized wound lesion and by comparison of the expected HD-induced leukocyte suppression. Leukocyte suppression was inconsistent in all animals; therefore, the visual grading was the only viable evaluation method. No significant differences were observed among wounds decontaminated with any of the solutions. However, the skin surrounding nondecontaminated (but exposed) control animals showed the least visual pathology. The lesions induced following decontamination are presumed to be due to the mechanical flushing of HD onto the peri lesional skin, or by chemical damage induced by the solution, or HD-solution interaction...dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

Gold MB, Bongiovanni R, Scharf BA, Gresham VC, Woodward CL. Hypochlorite solution as a decontaminant in sulfur mustard contaminated skin defects in the euthymic hairless guinea pig. Drug And Chemical Toxicology 1994 Nov;17(4):499-527. [PubMed Citation]no original (inglês)

Outros estudos não clínicos

• Bench-scale testing was used to evaluate the efficacy of four decontamination formulations on typical indoor surfaces following exposure to the liquid chemical warfare agents sarin (GB), soman (GD), sulfur mustard (HD), and VX. Residual surface contamination...was periodically measured for up to 24 h after applying one of four selected decontamination technologies [0.5% bleach solution with trisodium phosphate, Allen Vanguard Surface Decontamination Foam (SDFTM), U.S. military Decon GreenTM, and Modec Inc. and EnviroFoam Technologies Sandia Decontamination Foam (DF-200)]. All decontamination technologies tested, except for the bleach solution, performed well on nonporous and nonpermeable glass and stainless-steel surfaces. However, chemical agent residual contamination typically remained on porous and permeable surfaces, especially for the more persistent agents, HD and VX. Solvent-based Decon GreenTM performed better than aqueous-based bleach or foams on polymeric surfaces, possibly because the solvent is able to penetrate the polymer matrix. Bleach and foams out-performed Decon Green for penetrating the highly polar concrete surface. Results suggest that the different characteristics needed for an ideal and universal decontamination technology may be incompatible in a single formulation and a strategy for decontaminating a complex facility will require a range of technologies.dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

Love AH, Bailey CG, Hanna ML, Hok S, Vu AK, Reutter DJ, Raber E. Efficacy of liquid and foam decontamination technologies for chemical warfare agents on indoor surfaces. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2011 Nov;196:115- 122. [PubMed Citation]no original (inglês)

• Several simple processes have been studied for the destruction of chemical agents, soman and mustard, on soils. A double wash or an extended single wash with water was effective in removing mustard and soman from soil; addition of either anionic or cationic surfactant did not improve removal efficiency. Soils with higher organic carbon content were more difficult to decontaminate. The most effective chemical process for the removal of mustard was treatment with hypochlorite; treatment with Na2CO3, or NaOH were almost as effective as hypochlorite in cleaning mustard contaminated soil. Soman was removed most effectively by treatment with Na2C03. Overall the most efficient process for the destruction of both mustard and soman was treatment with Na2C03 solution.dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

Amos D, Leake B. Clean-up of chemical warfare agents on soils using simple washing or chemical treatment processes. Journal of Hazardous Materials 1994;39:107-17.no original (inglês)

4. Dados farmacocinéticos e toxicocinéticos

• Nenhum dado disponível no momento.

5. Indicações e posologia atualmente aprovadas pela FDA/EUA

Autorização de uso emergencial (FDA/CDC)

Nenhuma Autorização de Uso Emergencial para o Sodium Hypochlorite foi emitida pela Food and Drug Administration sob a seção 564 do Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) (21 U.S.C. 360bbb-3), alterado pelo Project Bioshield Act of 2004 (Public Law 108-276).dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗

[DHHS/FDA; Emergency Preparedness and Response - Counterterrorism and Emerging Threats (01/12/2011)]

6. Formulações disponíveis atualmente / prazo de validade

Armazenamento

• Guardar em temperatura ambiente.

Product label: DAKINS FULL (sodium hypochlorite) solution [Century Pharmaceutical, Inc.] Last revised: April 2010 [DailyMed]dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

7. Utilização e posologia off-label atuais

Adulto

NOTA: ESTE FÁRMACO NÃO FOI CONSIDERADO SEGURO E EFICAZ PELA FDA, E ESTA ROTULAGEM NÃO FOI APROVADA PELA FDA.

• Sodium Hypochlorite 0.50% (antimicrobiano)dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗

Infecções de pele e tecidos (pré e pós-cirurgia): aplicar uma vez ao dia em feridas de exsudação leve a moderada. Aplicar duas vezes ao dia em feridas muito exsudativas ou muito contaminadas. Proteger a pele íntegra com pomada de barreira de umidade ou selante cutâneo, conforme a necessidade.

Cortes, escoriações e úlceras de pele: aplicar uma vez ao dia em feridas de exsudação leve a moderada. Aplicar duas vezes ao dia em feridas muito exsudativas ou muito contaminadas. Proteger a pele íntegra com pomada de barreira de umidade ou selante cutâneo, conforme a necessidade.

Product label: DAKINS FULL (sodium hypochlorite) solution [Century Pharmaceutical, Inc.] Last revised: April 2010 [DailyMed]dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

8. Via de administração / monitorização

• Despejar ou aplicar na área afetada. No manejo de feridas, usar como irrigante, agente de limpeza ou agente umectante de curativo úmido.

Product label: DAKINS FULL (sodium hypochlorite) solution [Century Pharmaceutical, Inc.] Last revised: April 2010 [DailyMed]dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

9. Efeitos adversos

• NOTA: ESTE FÁRMACO NÃO FOI CONSIDERADO SEGURO E EFICAZ PELA FDA, E ESTA ROTULAGEM NÃO FOI APROVADA PELA FDA.

Product label: DAKINS FULL (sodium hypochlorite) solution [Century Pharmaceutical, Inc.] Last revised: April 2010 [DailyMed]dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

• Os hipocloritos de sódio e de cálcio são extremamente corrosivos e podem causar dano grave aos olhos e à pele. Foram classificados na Categoria de Toxicidade I, indicando o maior grau de toxicidade, para esses efeitos agudos. Não são necessários estudos subcrônicos ou crônicos com hipoclorito de sódio e de cálcio, dada a natureza e a estrutura química simples desses compostos. Na presença de oxigênio, eles reagem facilmente com matéria orgânica e se convertem prontamente em cloreto de sódio (sal de cozinha) e calcium chloride (cloreto de cálcio, o sal de estrada). Amplamente usados na desinfecção de suprimentos de água por quase um século, os hipocloritos provaram ser seguros e práticos de usar.dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗

USEPA R.E.D. FACTS - Sodium and Calcium Hypochlorite Salts. 738-F-91-108 Sep 1991.no original (inglês)

10. Contraindicação(ões)

• Suspenda o uso e procure um médico se vermelhidão, irritação, inchaço ou dor persistirem ou aumentarem.
• Não use se houver sensibilidade a compostos de cloro.

Product label: DAKINS FULL (sodium hypochlorite) solution [Century Pharmaceutical, Inc.] Last revised: April 2010 [DailyMed]dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

11. Estudos clínicos em andamento

• Nenhum dado disponível no momento.

12. Estudos não clínicos em andamento

• Nenhum dado disponível no momento.

13. Estudos necessários para a indicação clínica de defesa química

• Nenhum dado disponível no momento.

14. Estudos necessários para indicações clínicas fora da defesa química

• Nenhum dado disponível no momento.

15. Questões éticas relacionadas aos estudos

• Nenhum dado disponível no momento.

16. Situação regulatória global

EUA

• Em 1957, sob a autoridade do Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), o sodium hypochlorite (alvejante) foi registrado para uso como pesticida antimicrobiano. Como sanitizante ou desinfetante para matar bactérias, fungos e vírus, o sodium hypochlorite é aprovado para uso em residências, plantas de processamento de alimentos, ambientes agrícolas, instalações para animais, hospitais e suprimentos de água potável para consumo humano.dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗
• Produtos com alvejante que não alegam sanitizar ou desinfetar não são pesticidas registrados. Esses produtos com alvejante são frequentemente vendidos como aditivo de lavanderia ou como limpador multiuso.

USEPA: Anthrax spore decontamination using bleach (sodium hypochlorite). Last revised: May 2012.dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

• Os hipocloritos de sódio e de cálcio, mais conhecidos como alvejante, são compostos amplamente usados, cujas propriedades químicas e toxicológicas estão extensamente documentadas na literatura publicada. Esses produtos foram registrados pela primeira vez como pesticidas em 1957. A EPA emitiu um Padrão de Registro para hipoclorito de sódio e de cálcio em fevereiro de 1986. A agência concluiu que nenhum dado científico adicional seria necessário para registrar ou rerregistrar produtos que contenham sodium hypochlorite de 5.25% a 12.5%, ou hipoclorito de cálcio de 65% a 70%, desde que os produtos não contenham outros ingredientes ativos, não contenham ingredientes inertes além de água e tragam a rotulagem de Categoria de Toxicidade I. A EPA ainda sustenta esses achados básicos.dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗

USEPA R.E.D. FACTS - Sodium and Calcium Hypochlorite Salts. 738-F-91-108 Sep 1991.no original (inglês)

17. Outras informações potencialmente úteis

• Pela Seção 18 do FIFRA, a EPA "pode isentar qualquer agência federal ou estadual de qualquer dispositivo desta lei se o Administrador determinar que existem condições de emergência que exijam tal isenção". Para responder o mais rápido possível aos ataques de bioterrorismo, a agência decidiu, em 2001, desenvolver e emitir ela mesma as isenções de crise.
• Em seguida, a EPA emitiu várias isenções de crise, em momentos diferentes, permitindo a venda, a distribuição e o uso limitados de produtos de alvejante registrados na EPA contra esporos de Bacillus anthracis em várias instalações contaminadas, tais como: Capitol Hill, centros de processamento e distribuição do USPS em Brentwood (Washington, D.C.) e Hamilton (Trenton, NJ), Departamento de Estado, General Services Administration e Broken Sound Boulevard, Boca Raton, FL.
• Sob essas isenções de crise, os produtos de alvejante registrados só podiam ser vendidos ou distribuídos a funcionários de órgãos governamentais federais, estaduais ou locais e ao Serviço Postal dos EUA.

USEPA: Anthrax spore decontamination using bleach (sodium hypochlorite). Last revised: May 2012dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

• A gas chromatograph coupled with an atomic emission detector was used to identify and to determine the products formed on oxidation of sulfur mustard. The oxidation rate and the resulting oxidates were studied in relation to oxidant type and reaction medium parameters. Hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, sodium perborate, potassium monopercarbonate, ammonium peroxydisulfate, potassium peroxymonosulfate (oxone), and tert-butyl peroxide were used as oxidants. Oxidations were run in aqueous media or in solvents of varying polarities. The oxidation rate was found to be strongly related to oxidant type: potassium peroxymonosulfate (oxone) and sodium hypochlorite were fastacting oxidants; sodium perborate, hydrogen peroxide, ammonium peroxydisulfate, and sodium monopercarbonate were moderate oxidants; tert -butyl peroxide was the slowest-acting oxidant. In non-aqueous solvents, the oxidation rate was strongly related to solvent polarity. The higher the solvent polarity, the faster the oxidation rate. In the acid and neutral media, the mustard oxidation rates were comparable. In the alkaline medium, oxidation was evidently slower. A suitable choice of the initial oxidant-to-mustard concentration ratio allowed to control the type of the resulting mustard oxidates. As the pH of the reaction medium was increased, the reaction of elimination of hydrogen chloride from mustard oxidates becomes more and more intensive.dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

Popiel S, Witkiewicz Z, Szewczuk A. The GC/AED studies on the reactions of sulfur mustard with oxidants. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2005 Aug;123:94-111. [PubMed Citation]no original (inglês)

• The N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) is commonly used to protect individuals from infectious aerosols. Health care experts predict a shortage of N95 FFRs if a severe pandemic occurs, and an option that has been suggested for mitigating such an FFR shortage is to decontaminate and reuse the devices. Before the effectiveness of this strategy can be established, many parameters affecting respiratory protection must be measured: biocidal efficacy of the decontamination treatment, filtration performance, pressure drop, fit, and toxicity to the end user post treatment. This research effort measured the amount of residual chemicals created or deposited on six models of FFRs following treatment by each of 7 simple decontamination technologies. Measured amounts of decontaminants retained by the FFRs treated with chemical disinfectants were small enough that exposure to wearers will be below the permissible exposure limit (PEL). Toxic byproducts were also evaluated, and two suspected toxins were detected after ethylene oxide treatment of FFR rubber straps. The results provide encouragement to efforts promoting the evolution of effective strategies for decontamination and reuse of FFRs.no original (inglês)

Salter WB, Kinney K, Wallace WH, Lumley AE, B.K. Heimbuch BK, Wander JD. Analysis of residual chemicals on filtering facepiece respirators after decontamination. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2010 Aug;7(8): 437-45. [PubMed Citation]no original (inglês)

• This study was designed to determine how easily methamphetamine can be removed from clothing and building materials, utilizing different cleaning materials and methods. The study also addressed the penetration of methamphetamine into drywall and the ability of paints to encapsulate the methamphetamine on drywall. Clothing and building materials were contaminated in a stainless steel chamber by aerosolizing methamphetamine in a beaker heater. The amount of methamphetamine surface contamination was determined by sampling a grid pattern on the material prior to attempting to clean the materials. After cleaning, the materials were again sampled, and the degree of decontamination noted. We found that household clothing and response gear worn by first responders was easily decontaminated using a household detergent in a household washing machine. A single wash removed over 95% of the methamphetamine from these materials. The study also indicated that methamphetamine-contaminated, smooth nonporous surfaces can be easily cleaned to below detectable levels using only mild cleaners. More porous surfaces such as plywood and drywall were unlikely to be decontaminated to below regulatory levels even with three washes using a mild cleaner. This may be due to methamphetamine penetration into the paint on these surfaces. Evaluation of methamphetamine contamination on drywall indicated that approximately 40% of the methamphetamine was removed using a wipe, while another 60% remained in the paint layer. Stronger cleaners such as those with active ingredients including sodium hypochlorite or quaternary ammonia and commercial decontamination agents were more effective than mild detergent-based cleaners and may reduce methamphetamine contamination to below regulatory levels. Results from the encapsulation studies indicate that sprayed on oil-based paint will encapsulate methamphetamine on drywall and plywood surfaces up to 4.5 months, while latex paints were less effective.dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

Serrano KA, Martyny JW, Kofford S, Contreras JR, Van Dyke MV. Decontamination of clothing and building materials associated with the clandestine production of methamphetamine. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2012;9(3): 185-97. [PubMed Citation]no original (inglês)

• Handling of genotoxic compounds commonly used in cancer chemotherapy generates contaminated wastes that require decontamination before disposal. Chemical methods are an alternative and/or a complement to incineration for the treatment of wastes and spills. Method: As part of a program initiated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 3 chemical methods readily available in the hospital environment -sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, 5.25%), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, less, or equal to 30%) and Fenton reagent (FeCl2, 2H2O; 0.3 g in 10 ml H2O2, 30%) are being tested for the degradation of a total of 32 antineoplastic agents. The efficiency of degradation was monitored by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The mutagenicity of the degradation residues were tested by the Ames test using tester strains Salmonella typhimurium TA 97a, TA 98, TA 100, and TA 102 with and without an exogenous metabolic activation system. Results: The first results obtained for the degradation of cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and melphalan have been published in this journal. The present manuscript reports the results of the investigation of a series of six anthracyclines (aclarubicin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, and pirarubicin) commonly used in chemotherapy treatment. Pharmaceutical preparations corresponding to the most concentrated administration solutions in either NaCl (0.9%) or dextrose (5%) were inactivated by oxidation volume/volume with each of the methods for at least 1 h. Complete degradation into nonmutagenic residues of all the tested compounds was observed after 1 h for the NaOCl (5.25%) treatment as previously reported for the first study. Conclusion: Sodium hypochlorite (5.25%) is an efficient reagent for the chemical degradation of the nine drugs tested thus far.dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

Castegnaro M, De Meo M, Laget M, Michelon J, Garren L, Sportouch MH, Hansel S. Chemical degradation of wastes of antineoplastic agents. 2: Six anthracyclines: idarubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, pirarubicin, aclarubicin, and daunorubicin. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1997;70(6):378-84 [PubMed Citation]no original (inglês)

Solubilidades: 29.3 g/100 g (0 deg C) em águadose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗

HSDB. Sodium Hypochloritedose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

18. Publicações

Amos D, Leake B. Clean-up of chemical warfare agents on soils using simple washing or chemical treatment processes. Journal of Hazardous Materials 1994;39:107-17.no original (inglês)

Braue EH Jr, Smith KH, Doxzon BF, Lumpkin HL, Clarkson ED. Efficacy studies of Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion, M291 Skin Decontamination Kit, 0.5% bleach, 1% soapy water, and Skin Exposure Reduction Paste Against Chemical Warfare Agents, part 2: guinea pigs challenged with soman. Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2011 Mar; 30(1): 29-37. [PubMed Citation]dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

Castegnaro M, De Meo M, Laget M, Michelon J, Garren L, Sportouch MH, Hansel S. Chemical degradation of wastes of antineoplastic agents. 2: Six anthracyclines: idarubicin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, pirarubicin, aclarubicin, and daunorubicin. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1997;70(6):378-84 [Pub Med Citation]no original (inglês)

[DHHS/FDA; Emergency Preparedness and Response- Counterterrorism and Emerging Threats (12/01/2011)]no original (inglês)

Estrela C, Estrela CR, Barbin EL, Spano JC, Marchesan MA, Pecora JD. Mechanism of action of sodium hypochlorite . Brazilian Dental Journal, 2002;13(2):113-7. [PubMed Citation]dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

Gold MB, Bongiovanni R, Scharf BA, Gresham VC, Woodward CL. Hypochlorite solution as a decontaminant in sulfur mustard contaminated skin defects in the euthymic hairless guinea pig. Drug And Chemical Toxicology 1994 Nov;17(4):499-527. [PubMed Citation]no original (inglês)

HSDB. Sodium Hypochloritedose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

Love AH, Bailey CG, Hanna ML, Hok S, Vu AK, Reutter DJ, Raber E. Efficacy of liquid and foam decontamination technologies for chemical warfare agents on indoor surfaces. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2011 Nov;196:115- 122. [PubMed Citation]no original (inglês)

Niven AS, Roop SA; Inhalational exposure to nerve agents. Respiratory Care Clinics of North America, 2004 Mar;10(1):59-74. [PubMed Citation]no original (inglês)

Popiel S, Witkiewicz Z, Szewczuk A. The GC/AED studies on the reactions of sulfur mustard with oxidants. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2005 Aug;123:94-111. [PubMed Citation]no original (inglês)

Product label: DAKINS FULL (sodium hypochlorite) solution [Century Pharmaceutical, Inc.] Last revised: April 2010 [DailyMed]dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

Salter WB, Kinney K, Wallace WH, Lumley AE, B.K. Heimbuch BK, Wander JD. Analysis of residual chemicals on filtering facepiece respirators after decontamination. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2010 Aug;7(8): 437-45. [PubMed Citation]no original (inglês)

Salter WB, Owens JR, Wander JD. Methyl salicylate: a reactive chemical warfare agent surrogate to detect reaction with hypochlorite. Applied Materials and Interfaces, 2011;3:4262-67. [PubMed Citation]no original (inglês)

Serrano KA, Martyny JW, Kofford S, Contreras JR, Van Dyke MV. Decontamination of clothing and building materials associated with the clandestine production of methamphetamine. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 2012;9(3): 185-97. [PubMed Citation]no original (inglês)

USEPA: Anthrax spore decontamination using bleach (sodium hypochlorite). Last revised: May 2012.dose/fármaco conforme a fonte ↗no original (inglês)

USEPA R.E.D. FACTS - Sodium and Calcium Hypochlorite Salts. 738-F-91-108 Sep 1991.no original (inglês)

Welles WL, Wilburn RE, Ehrlich JK, Floridia CM. New York hazardous substances emergency events surveillance: learning from hazardous substances releases to improve safety. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2004 Nov;115(1-3):39-49. [PubMed Citation]no original (inglês)

19. Sites

NIH CounterACT Program (HHS/NIH)no original (inglês)

NIH RePORTER (HHS/NIH)no original (inglês)

ClinicalTrials.gov (HHS/NIH)no original (inglês)

PubMed (HHS/NIH)no original (inglês)

DailyMed (HHS/NIH)no original (inglês)

Record last updated 1/2/2013no original (inglês)